Polymorphic threats, which frequently change their code to evade signature-based detection mechanisms, pose a significant challenge to traditional cyber-security solutions. This paper investigates the efficacy of self-supervised learning (SSL) in detecting such evolving threats within web server logs. By training models without labeled data, SSL approaches leverage structural and temporal features in web logs to learn generalizable representations of benign and malicious activity. We develop a transformer-based SSL architecture incorporating contrastive learning and masked log modeling. Experimental results on a modified version of the CIC IDS 2018 and a synthetically generated polymorphic attack dataset demonstrate significant improvements in threat detection, with an F1-score of 94.7%, outperforming supervised baselines in low-data settings. This study contributes to the growing body of AI-based cyber-security methods by proposing a scalable and adaptive system for real-world web environments.

वैदिक काल में सामाजिक व्यवस्था एवं सन्तुलन के निर्धारण में जिन प्रमुख संरचनाओं की आवश्यकता होती है, उनमें अभिजन वर्ग भी प्रमुख है। प्रत्येक समाज में किसी न किसी प्रकार का सामाजिक संस्तरण होना अति आवश्यक है। अतः प्रत्येक समाज में प्रमुखतया दो वर्गों का अस्तित्व अवश्य पाया जाता है। अभिजन वर्ग की अवधारणा और समाज में इसके प्रभाव को स्पष्ट करने की दृष्टि से ही पैरेटो ने इस तत्सम्बन्धी सिद्धान्त का प्रतिपादन किया है। अभिजन वर्ग संरचना समाज में शक्ति संरचना और निर्णय निर्माण प्रक्रिया में प्रकट समाज के आधारभूत मूल्यों का प्रतिनिधित्व करती है। अधिकांशतः अभिजन शब्द का प्रयोग, समाज में उच्च स्थान प्राप्त करने वालों के लिये किया जाता है। समाज के राजनीतिक, आर्थिक, धार्मिक, किसी भी क्षेत्र में उच्च स्थान प्राप्त करने वालों को अभिजन कहते है। अभिजन को परिभाषित करने की दिशा में, पैरोटो व मोस्का लगभग समकालीन विचारक थे दोनों में अभिजन के संदर्भ में अनुपात के दृष्टिकोण से अन्तर थाए पैरेटो ने अभिजन की परिभाषा करते हुये कहा है ष्इसी प्रकार,मानवीय गतिविधि के, प्रत्येक क्षेत्र में अंक निर्धारित किये जाये और जिन लोगों को किसी विशिष्ट मानवीय गतिविधि के क्षेत्र में सर्वाेच्च अंक मिले और उनका एक वर्ग बनाया जाये, तो उस वर्ग को अभिजन कहेंगे।

Traffic Sign Recognition (TSR) is a critical component of intelligent transportation systems and autonomous vehicles. While cloud-based AI solutions provide high accuracy, they often suffer from high latency, bandwidth limitations, and privacy concerns. This paper presents an edge AI-enabled TSR system that integrates lightweight deep learning models optimized for real-time inference directly on edge devices. The proposed framework employs a quantized MobileNetV2 model with optimized pre-processing pipelines and hardware-aware model compression. Evaluated on the German Traffic Sign Recognition Benchmark (GTSRB) and Indian Traffic Sign Dataset (ITSD), the system achieves over 97% accuracy with inference latency under 50 milliseconds on Raspberry Pi 4 and NVIDIA Jetson Nano. This study demonstrates that deploying AI at the edge not only maintains high accuracy but also significantly reduces response time, making it a practical and scalable solution for real-world intelligent transport systems.

उत्तरी राजस्थान में बढ़ते तापमान का कृषि पर प्रभाव एक गंभीर समस्या बनती जा रही है। इस शोधपत्र में जलवायु परिवर्तन के कारण उत्तरी राजस्थान में हो रहे तापमान वृद्धि और उसके कृषि पर पड़ने वाले प्रभावों का विश्लेषण किया गया है। अध्ययन दर्शाता है कि बढ़ते तापमान के कारण मृदा की नमी में कमी, फसल चक्र में अनिश्चितता, तथा कृषि उत्पादन में गिरावट देखने को मिल रही है। इसके अतिरिक्त, सिंचाई जल की उपलब्धता में कमी और बढ़ती गर्म हवाओं के कारण किसानों को अनेक चुनौतियों का सामना करना पड़ रहा है। अनुसंधान में जलवायु परिवर्तन के प्रमुख कारकों जैसे ग्रीनहाउस गैस उत्सर्जन, वनस्पति कवर की कमी और जल संसाधनों के अति-शोषण का भी अध्ययन किया गया है। अध्ययन के निष्कर्ष बताते हैं कि उत्तरी राजस्थान में कृषि की स्थिरता बनाए रखने के लिए जल संरक्षण तकनीकों, उन्नत सिंचाई प्रणालियों और तापमान-प्रतिरोधी फसल प्रजातियों को अपनाना आवश्यक है। यह शोध इस दिशा में संभावित समाधान सुझाता है और नीति-निर्माताओं, किसानों तथा शोधकर्ताओं के लिए महत्वपूर्ण जानकारी प्रदान करता है।

The exponential rise in social media usage in India has been accompanied by a significant increase in cybercrime incidents. This study undertakes a comparative analysis of cybercrime cases reported on major social media platforms—Facebook, Instagram, Twitter (X), and YouTube—between 2019 and 2023. Drawing on data from government records, platform transparency reports, and expert interviews, the study categorizes prevalent cybercrimes such as identity theft, cyberbullying, hate speech, financial fraud, and obscene content dissemination. It further examines the technical vulnerabilities exploited and assesses the adequacy and enforcement of existing legal frameworks, including provisions under the Information Technology Act, 2000 and the Indian Penal Code. The results reveal a steady rise in cybercrimes, platform-specific patterns of abuse, and gaps in law enforcement and digital policy. The study concludes with recommendations for legal reform, platform accountability, and enhanced digital literacy to effectively address the growing threat of cybercrime in India.

Background: The objective of this paper is to provide insights into the availability of non-prescribed drugs and to explore the factors that influence their dispensing without a prescription, the self-medication habits of different age groups, and their knowledge of the possible risks associated with their use. Methods: The research was conducted using a cross-sectional approach. Data was collected from several pharmacies concerning their non-prescribed drug sales and the reasons for dispensing them without a prescription. Moreover, a survey was administered to individuals from various age groups to assess their awareness of the risks of consuming non-prescribed medications. Outcome: The findings from this study gave us a deeper insight into the extent of non-prescribed drug consumption and the main factors influencing such sales. As a result, it will be helpful to intervene in strategies to enhance regulation and raise public consciousness. Having a better understanding of the factors that contribute to non-prescription drug dispensing will assist in overcoming the challenges associated with it in terms of public health. Conclusion: This study showed that more action and awareness are required to mitigate the potential risks associated with the use of non-prescribed drugs.

यह शोध अध्ययन माध्यमिक स्तर के विद्यार्थियों के मानसिक तनाव पर अभिभावक शैली के प्रभाव का विश्लेषण करने के उद्देश्य से किया गया। अध्ययन में 500 विद्यार्थियों का चयन किया गया। यह शोध पारिवारिक वातावरण, विशेषकर अभिभावकों की पालन-पोषण शैली और विद्यार्थियों की मानसिक दशा के मध्य संबंधों को उजागर करता है। शोध में यह पाया गया कि कठोर, अत्यधिक नियंत्रक अथवा उपेक्षात्मक अभिभावक शैली अपनाने वाले घरों के विद्यार्थियों में तनाव का स्तर अपेक्षाकृत अधिक होता है। इसके विपरीत सहयोगात्मक और संवादपरक शैली तनाव को कम करने में सहायक सिद्ध होती है। आंकड़ों के सांख्यिकीय विश्लेषण द्वारा यह सिद्ध किया गया कि अभिभावक शैली और विद्यार्थियों के मानसिक तनाव के मध्य मध्यम स्तर का सकारात्मक सहसंबंध विद्यमान है, जो कि बालकों एवं बालिकाओं के मध्य भिन्नता भी प्रदर्शित करता है। इस शोध से यह निष्कर्ष निकलता है कि विद्यार्थियों के मानसिक स्वास्थ्य के संरक्षण हेतु सकारात्मक एवं सहायक अभिभावक शैली को बढ़ावा दिया जाना चाहिए।

This study investigates how Performance Management Systems (PMS) affect organizational effectiveness in the development sector of a few Arunachal Pradesh districts. The purpose of the study is to assess how elements like training and development, goal clarity, ongoing feedback, and the equity of performance reviews affect operational success. Data was gathered from 120 personnel of different government and non-governmental development organizations using a standardized questionnaire. While goal-setting techniques are generally sound, descriptive statistical analysis employing frequency and percentage tables showed that access to training programs and ongoing feedback are seriously lacking. The results show that better organizational performance is directly correlated with well-structured PMS procedures. The study suggests that in order to improve service delivery and institutional efficiency in the area, PMS should be implemented more consistently and strategically.

This study examines the efficacy of social media marketing (SMM) tactics used by business owners in Nagaland, an area where digital and small-scale entrepreneurship is expanding quickly. Platforms like Facebook, Instagram, and WhatsApp are becoming more and more relevant, and business owners are using them to increase brand awareness, interact with consumers, and increase revenue. 120 business owners from a range of industries participated in a structured survey to evaluate platform preferences, marketing goals, and implementation difficulties. The results show that although SMM is widely used due to its reach and accessibility, entrepreneurs encounter major challenges such a lack of technical expertise, problems with content management, and financial limitations. Notwithstanding these obstacles, there is still a lot of room for digital growth. The report emphasizes the necessity of focused training initiatives and assistance at the policy level to enable regional companies to use social media more successfully.

A particular emphasis is placed on the development of sustainability over the course of this study, which investigates the difficulties and opportunities that women entrepreneurs in the handicrafts sector of Assam encounter. We used a mixed-methods approach to collect data from 120 female entrepreneurs. We used structured questionnaires to collect information, and we supplemented it with in-depth interviews. According to the findings, despite the fact that women face a variety of obstacles, including restricted access to raw materials, financial constraints, insufficient marketing support, and societal pressures, they are increasingly adopting sustainable practices such as the utilization of environmentally friendly materials, waste recycling, and fair trade collaborations. In addition, there are apparent potential for expansion in areas such as participation in government programs, internet marketing platforms, and networking with non-governmental organizations and self-help groups. As a result of thematic insights, it has been determined that cultural pride, resilience, and creativity are important factors driving sustained participation in the handicrafts sector. According to the findings of the study, it is vital to implement targeted interventions in the areas of skill development, digital inclusion, and policy assistance in order to empower female entrepreneurs and foster sustainable growth in the region.

This study explored the influence of social media marketing on consumer preferences for the online purchase of daily use goods in Greater Noida. With the rapid growth of digital connectivity and smartphone usage, social media platforms such as Facebook, Instagram, and WhatsApp have become critical tools for businesses to engage consumers. A structured questionnaire was administered to 180 respondents to assess their platform usage, purchasing frequency, and responsiveness to digital marketing content, including advertisements and influencer promotions. The results revealed that a significant proportion of consumers were influenced by social media content in their purchasing decisions, particularly those related to daily use products. Most respondents reported frequent online purchases and showed a preference for products endorsed by online reviews or influencers. These findings suggest that strategic social media marketing has the potential to effectively drive consumer behavior in urban markets. The study recommends that businesses develop targeted, platform-specific strategies to maximize consumer engagement and brand loyalty.

Abstract The necessity of quality healthcare services in India has grown spirally along with the environmental strain since hospitals require various resources to provide services. In its turn, the concept of green hospitals has appeared as one of the promising ways of contrasting the situation with the need to enhance its environmental performance without jeopardizing the quality of patient care. This paper explores the contemporary state of the green hospitals in India by way of secondary research of green hospital projects referring to 110 hospital projects both within the public and the private sector. The results demonstrate that although the formal green ratings such as LEED and GRIHA moderately receive traction, there is a big embrace of non-certified but effective green initiatives among the hospitals (43.6%). Energy savings (30%) were the most frequently reported environmental outcomes followed by waste reduction (26.4%) and water conservation (24.5%) environmental outcomes. The most common green infrastructure technologies turned out to be solar panels and rainwater harvesting systems, and green technology was primarily offered by the private sector institutions. The findings confirm the increased pivot in India towards sustainability in healthcare and indicate the requirement of support through policy, documentation, and capacity-building particularly in the area of the public and charitable healthcare sectors to facilitate mainstream and quantifiable green-transformation of healthcare.

Since the 1950 ratification of the Constitution, the conflict between parliamentary and constitutional supremacy has dominated Indian constitutional law. This study used a doctrinal legal research approach in conjunction with descriptive statistical analysis to investigate the evolution, judicial interpretation, and legislative perspectives on the supremacy question. Historic Supreme Court rulings, constitutional amendments, and parliamentary discussions from 1950 to 2023 were the sources of the data. According to frequency and percentage assessments, legislative actions tended more to advocate parliamentary supremacy (60%) than judicial rulings, which overwhelmingly supported constitutional supremacy (72%). Near-equal division was seen in parliamentary debates, with a minor leaning toward legislative sovereignty. India had created a hybrid model, according to comparison with other common law jurisdictions; nevertheless, in reality, constitutional supremacy prevailed since the basic structure doctrine was consistently applied by the judiciary. In order to maintain the democratic balance that the Constitution's authors intended, the conclusions emphasized the judiciary's critical role in defending fundamental rights and restraint of majoritarian legislative power.

English literature, especially in the genre of popular fiction. Her novels, often labeled as “romantic comedies,” carry a far greater depth than the label suggests. Beneath the humor, romance, and witty dialogues, her fiction constructs a layered commentary on modern Indian society. This paper examines the intersections of gender, class, and politics in Chauhan’s works, highlighting how she creates narratives that expose societal hierarchies while empowering female voices. Through novels such as The Zoya Factor (2008), Battle for Bittora (2010), Those Pricey Thakur Girls (2013), The House That BJ Built (2015), and Baaz (2017), Chauhan situates her characters in social and political realities where gender roles, class privileges, and political forces constantly collide. The study argues that Chauhan’s fiction contributes significantly to discourses of feminism, middle-class aspirations, and the complex relationship between politics and popular culture in India.

The economic improvement of any nation depends upon the presence of a properly standardized economic gadget. The monetary gadget elements are the essential monetary inputs for the manufacturing of goods and services which in flip promotes the well-being and trendy consolation of the nation of a rustic. Prepared markets may be two types Capital market and Money market place. Its miles a market place for monetary belongings that have an extended period. Normally, these transactions by lengthy-period securities that have a prime of life period more. Three Hundred and Sixty-Five days. Instruments that have already exceeded the primary issue market are traded next that particular market. Typically, these securities are listed on the stock market, which offers a consistent and regular platform for buying and selling securities. Capital (Secondary) market has been modified after the rules and regulations impose by regulatory body and structural reforms, comprising economic reforms via Liberalization, Privatization Globalization and Forex guidelines. within the gift observation, an effort has been made to spotlight the various reforms inside the economic institutions together that address medium-term and lengthy-time period capital and loans in India for the reason that 1991. This paper discusses the reforms of the organized capital market in India.

यह अध्ययन उत्तर प्रदेश के अयोध्या जिले में माध्यमिक स्तर के छात्रों के बीच बुद्धिलब्धि (IQ), अधिगम क्षमता और अध्ययन आदतों के बीच संबंधों की जाँच करता है। सरकारी और निजी विद्यालयों के साथ-साथ ग्रामीण और शहरी क्षेत्रों सहित विभिन्न पृष्ठभूमि के छात्रों का विश्लेषण करके, इस शोध का उद्देश्य यह पता लगाना है कि बुद्धिलब्धि अधिगम क्षमताओं और अध्ययन आदतों दोनों को कैसे प्रभावित करता है। इस नमूने में कक्षा 9 के 200 छात्र शामिल हैं, जिन्हें एक सरल यादृच्छिक नमूनाकरण विधि द्वारा चुना गया है। मानकीकृत बुद्धिलब्धि परीक्षणों, एक अधिगम क्षमता पैमाने और एक स्व-निर्मित अध्ययन आदत पैमाने के माध्यम से आँकड़े एकत्र किए गए थे। अध्ययन में आँकड़ों के विश्लेषण के लिए एक सर्वेक्षण पद्धति और सहसंबंध गुणांक सांख्यिकी का उपयोग किया गया है। इन निष्कर्षों से बुद्धिलब्धि और अधिगम क्षमता एवं अध्ययन आदतों दोनों के बीच संबंधों में महत्वपूर्ण पैटर्न उजागर होने की उम्मीद है, जिससे शिक्षकों और नीति निर्माताओं को लक्षित हस्तक्षेप विकसित करने में मदद मिलेगी जो संज्ञानात्मक अंतरों को दूर करेंगे और माध्यमिक स्तर के छात्रों के शैक्षिक परिणामों में सुधार करेंगे।

Maratha Confederacy emerged in 18th century as a formidable political & military force that significantly shaped socio-political & cultural identity of Maharashtra. While it arose from decline of Mughal Empire confederacy provided foundation for regional governance military organization & cultural revival that influenced trajectory of modern Maharashtra. This article examines historical evolution of Maratha Confederacy focusing on its administrative innovations, social mobilization & regional integration. Drawing upon primary & secondary sources it highlights how Maratha rulers fostered local identities introduced flexible governance structures & sustained a distinct political culture that resonates in contemporary Maharashtra. Through a comparative study of archival records & historiographical interpretations article situates confederacy within broader Indian historical context. Results indicate that Maratha Confederacy was not merely a military alliance but a significant socio-political institution whose legacy continues to shape political & cultural ethos of Maharashtra today.

The integration of technology in education has transformed the traditional teaching–learning process and highlighted the need for teachers to acquire balanced knowledge of technology, pedagogy, and content. This integration, conceptualized as Techno-Pedagogical Content Competency (TPACK), enables teachers to design effective, engaging, and learner-centered instructional practices. The present study aimed to assess the level of techno-pedagogical content competency among secondary school teachers of Jaipur district. A descriptive survey method was employed for the investigation. The sample consisted of 300 secondary school teachers (150 male and 150 female), selected through simple random sampling. The Teachers’ Techno-Pedagogical Competency Scale developed by S. Rajashekar and K. Sathiyaraj (2013) was used for data collection. Mean, Standard Deviation (SD), and Critical Ratio (CR) were applied for statistical analysis. The findings revealed that the overall techno-pedagogical content competency of secondary school teachers was significantly higher than the expected average level. Further, no significant difference was found between male and female teachers in their competency levels. The results indicate a positive trend in teachers’ preparedness for technology-integrated classrooms, irrespective of gender. The study suggests the need for continuous professional development, integration of techno-pedagogical training in teacher education programs, and adequate infrastructural support to sustain and further enhance teachers’ digital competencies.